Employment Situation of Person with Disabilities: Case Study in Indonesia

Equality in an employment opportunity or commonly known Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO)is still not entirely applicable to a person with disabilities. World Report on Disability record 15,3 percent of the world population is the person with disabilities at 2010. Most of the person with disabilities had not taken part in the mainstream of social activity and mostly relied on social aid, including in Indonesia, where 74,7 percent from the total of a person with disabilities are unemployed. Their living expenses and necessities mostly sustained by their own family, government, or social organization – which had caused a considerable loss for concerned parties. This research intended to discover factors that influence the low employment of a person with disabilities in Indonesia, then aim for the correlations between those factors to the acceptance of employer for a person with disabilities, as well as recommending concerned employer or organizations in supporting employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. Research methodology is done by the survey to an employee about their viewpoint towards workers with disabilities, and data processing is done by SPSS software. Results of research show that education level and design of work procedure significantly affect the low employment rate of workers with disabilities in Indonesia. Further studies and development required to elaborate proper job design for a worker with disabilities, also for developing education system for workers with disabilities.


Introduction
Most people with disabilities did not have equivalent access to health care, education and working opportunities so they cannot perform a regular daily activity. On the other hand, equal opportunity in employment for all (Equal Employment Opportunity), in which person with disabilities should have the same opportunity in employment. Increasing employment opportunities for persons with disabilities become a purpose for a person with disabilities to live independently, which decreasing dependency to government aid and non-government social organization.
According to World Report on Disability (2011), on 2010 approximately person with disabilities reach 15,3 percent of world population. According to ILO (2007) from 650 millions of person with disabilities, there are 470 million people with disabilities in productive age range. A survey from WHO in 2011 shows that the number of persons with disabilities in low-income countries is about 12 percent higher than in high-income countries. In the sake of their survival, most person disabilities with aided by their families and non-disabilities organization. Khor (2010) mentioned that World Bank estimated the total worldwide loss of gross domestic product (GDP) is between US$ 1.37 trillion to US$ 1.94 trillion as the effect of not involving a person with disabilities in society mainstream.
Based on National Socio-Economic Survey shows data of the person with disabilities in Indonesia populations shown in Picture 1 below: Source: Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, National Socio-Economic Survey, 2003Survey, , 2006Survey, , 2009Survey, , 2012

Figure 1. Percentage of Person with Disabilities in Indonesia
In Indonesia, the most person with disabilities is under status almost poor, poor and very poor. In 2017, the Indonesia government spent more than 188 billion rupiahs for social rehabilitation of person with disabilities.

Literature Reviews Disabilities
According to WHO (2011), disabilities are part of human condition. Disabilities are complicated, dynamic, multidimensional, and opposed. Quoting from (Eko Riyadi et al., 2012), a person with disabilities is a complex social group; some person with disabilities has physical disabilities, mental disabilities or both mental and physical disabilities. The term of a person with disabilities are very diverse, Ministry of Social Affairs address the person with disabilities as a disabled person, Ministry of National Education address a person with special needs, Ministry of National Health address as people with disabilities.
The International Classification of Functioning (2001) classifies the problem that occurs in 3 related areas:  Impairment, as a problem at body functionality/body structure such as paralysis and blindness.  Activity limitations, as difficulty in doing an activity such as difficulty in walking or eating.  Participations restrictions, as problem in society area such as discrimination in employment or transportation.
Quoted from Argyo Demartoto (2005), classifying a person with disabilities based on the type of disabilities or difabel as below:  Physical disability is a disability that caused impaired body function. This type of disability consists of impaired body movement, vision, hearing, and speaking ability.  Mental disability, are mentally impaired and behavior either by default or due to a specific illness. This type of disability is mental retardation, psychiatric disorder, alcoholism, also organic mental disorder and epilepsy.  Physical and mental disability is a condition where a person has both disabilities.
The UN Convention on The Right of Persons in Disabilities (UNCRPD) stated that disability is a developmental concept that resulted from social interaction with impairment and attitudes and constraints in an environment prevent them to fully and effectively participate in society concerning equality with other people. Effect of prevention and constraint caused families, government, and many non-disabilities people became responsible for aiding the person with disabilities to keep on living.

Employment
Two critical issues strongly relate in employment, one of it relates to Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) and Labor Discrimination. EEO is done by the government to make sure that all individual has the same opportunity for employment without differentiation in the race, age, sex, religion or ethnic group (Wilson, 2012). EEO first sparked by US government in form of 14th Amendment (ratified on 1868) that declare it is illegal for any states to establish or enforce any law that would limit privileges of US citizens and in common, courts would see this law to prevent discriminations based on sex, origin, nationality or race (Dessler, 2003).

ILO Convention
No. 111 summarizes all form of discrimination. Discrimination that occurs worldwide in employment can happen directly or indirectly. Direct discrimination occurs when someone is unfairly treated, due to various reasons, and acquire disadvantage due to unfair treatment. Discrimination is all type of diversification, exclusion, or preference made based on race, skin color, sex, religion, political views, national extraction or origin, that impacted in abolishing or preventing equal opportunity or treatment in employment or position.
ILO declares that discrimination happens when there is no equality, and equality will happen when there is no discrimination. Fair opportunity in workplace aims to make sure every person in society has the same opportunity in developing their potential as much as possible and allocating time and energy to obtain the highest recognition. Fair treatment in work aims to make sure society performance is given according to their productivity and merit. This is related to employment and working condition, such as the right for wage and safety.

Employee with disabilities
According to Domzal (2008) most of the worldwide person with disabilities employee as entrepreneurs, stock farmers, factory workers, teachers, drivers, store clerk, artist and computer technician (2008). A person with disabilities can do almost all occupation along with a supportive environment; a person with disabilities can be productive workers. In Houtenville studies, Andrew, David, Robert, and Richard (2009) working level for a person with disabilities seems to decrease in the 21st century.

. Employment Rate with Education Level and Disabilities Level
Based on Studies done by Martin (2014) employment rate on universities graduate, 77% of a person with mild disabilities is universities graduates get employed, as 78% of a person with common disabilities gets employed. Both results compared with regular graduate (non-disability) where 83% gets employed. The differences between these three groups are not very significant. Other factors that affect in person with disabilities employment are sex and age range.

Table 1. Percentage of Discrimination Perception in Disability Employment
Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Survey on Disability, 2012 Some employer did not recruit a person with disabilities not only from disabilities point of view, but some other factors such as age, and sex. Male with disabilities has higher denial (14%) compare to female (11%). People with severe disabilities are getting older, the level of denial will be lower. The data used in these studies specifically age and sex are data from a person with disabilities point of view.   Table 2 below shows numbers of disabilities in Indonesia base on their occupation.

Mapping Person and workers with disabilities in Indonesia
The Indonesian government has several regulations that protect a person with disabilities; those regulations are described as below : 1) Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1997 about disabilities This regulation organizes someone with a disability explicitly. Which on article 5 said that all disabilities person has the same right and opportunities in all aspect of life and living. In article 6 also said that all disabilities person have rights to obtain education, occupation and decent living, same treatment, accessibility, rehabilitation, and same rights to develop talent, potential and social welfare. Article 14 affirms that state and private enterprises provide same opportunity and treatment to disabilities person.

2) Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 about Human Rights
This regulations on article 41 sentence 2 explain that all disabilities person, pregnant women, and children have rights for ease and special treatment.

3) Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2009 about public services
This regulations on article 1 contain 'administrator obliged to serve with special treatment for certain people in society following laws and regulations' also on sentence 2 contains 'infrastructure and public service facility are meant for certain people as mentioned in sentence one are restricted for a person with no right.' 4) Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2002 about Building structure This regulations are about terms and condition of easiness of connection into and from the building, covering the availability of facilities and accessibility that comfortable, safe and convenient, complete infrastructure for public interest comprehend with the adequate facility.

5) Keputusan Menteri Tenaga Kerja No. KEP-205/MEN/1999
This regulations on article 7 mentioned that after joining the training program, a worker with disabilities has the right to get a certificate, also has the opportunity to join a competition test to obtain a certificate. 6) Surat Edaran Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi No. 01. KP.01.15.2002 This letter reminds of Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1997 about efforts to improve disabilities social welfare, and that employer obliged to provide same opportunities and treatment to employ disabilities worker accordance to type and level of disabilities, education level, and abilities.

Research Types and Approaches
The tools used for researching the caused of the low level of disabilities employment will be obtained from Survey of Employer Perspectives on the Employment of People with Disabilities Questionnaire (2008) by United States Department of Labor Office of Disability Employment Policy. This tool with survey aims to find factors that caused a low level of disabilities employment in Indonesia based on management point of view from some private enterprises. This data obtained by directly given to the managerial employee in private enterprises. Tools would be used to find correlation from the factors is SPSS. SPSS aims to correlate every factor has relation or not to the employment of worker with disabilities according to survey result from a managerial point of view. The hypothesis of the cause will be tested in SPSS using regression analysis.
A sample of this study will be taken from an employee in private enterprises managerial level. This study chooses purposive sampling with sample specified for management level to have a point of view about employment. Sample size covers 40 managerial employees from 4 private enterprises wherein 10 samples in each enterprise.
The sample will be collected by tools (Survey of Employer Perspectives on the Employment of People with Disabilities Questionnaire) taken from private enterprise managerial level. Data has to be obtained from managerial to make sure the respondent had knowledge of employment and taken from 4 enterprises in order to have a random point of viewfactors that cause low employment of disabilities in Indonesia that will be analyzed based on literature reviews such as education level, age, and sex.

Hypothesis Y1 Analysis
This research uses some hypothesis (based on literature review), and operational variable in SPSS. Hypothesis mapping and variable in SPSS. Hypothesis mapping and variable in SPSS shows as table 3 below:

(agreed/prefer). We could get a temporary initial conclusion that respondents have a neutral point of view towards a person with disabilities. Exclusion is in variables GENDER
(1.98) and ASSIST (2.33). Initial conclusion for both variables is GENDER rated less affecting to disabilities ability and person with disabilities are rated not very capable of assisting other employee assignments. This initial point of view still in line with our literature review which shows that person with disabilities in Indonesia is considered still need assistance rather than assisting another employee. Analyzing Summary model for Hypothesis Y1 with PROPER variable (feasibility to work) as the dependent variable, the adjusted R-square number shows 94% from linear regression result can be shown from processed data. Therefore, our hypothesis model reflected most data (>90%) with a minimum deviation standard. As seen from the table above, the used model has F-value 88.657 with significantly below 0.01. It can be concluded that our hypothesis Y1 model is valid and can be used to predict factors that influence the feasibility of a person with a disability to work in Indonesia. Based on the above table, EDUCATION and OTHERS variable significantly below 0.1 level with a coefficient of each value 0.930 and -0.062. T-value shows 6.102 number and -2.029 for both variables. In our questioner, we allow respondents to fill others variable which resulted as workflow and free tools funded by the government. We can conclude that the main factors that cause low employment rate in Indonesia are education level and other factors such as the absence of concept workflow for a person with disabilities. This is in line with our literature review were to work optimally, a person with disabilities will need a feasible workflow. Other factors not relatively significant, with a highlight that gender and peers to cooperate with a person with disabilities rated not affecting the performance of a person with disabilities.

Hypothesis Y2 Analyzing and Discussion
To understand the result of mini-research, below are the mapping variable used in Hypothesis (based on literature review) and operational variable in SPSS:  From 40 respondents sample in this mini research, mostly lowest scale is at FEMALE variable. The initial conclusion is most respondents disagree that female workers with disabilities have more constraints rather than male. Another important point from the descriptive result is at HAVE variable has an average response on scale 2. This variable described a current situation where at enterprise where respondent work at still did not recruit disabilities workforce. This is in line with literature review and mini-research background where according to a survey in 2012 by the Ministry of Social Welfare about 74.7% of persons with disabilities in Indonesia are unemployed. Analyzing Model summary for hypothesis Y2 with HAVE variable (an enterprise that employed disabilities workforce) as the dependent variable, adjusted R-square shows that processed data can show 94.5% from linear regression. Therefore, our hypothesis model reflected most data (90%) with a minimum deviation standard.  From above result, variable that affect workforce of disabilities in the enterprise is mostly LIMIT, COUNTRY, DOUBT, SPEC, and PERFORM with each coefficient B rated 0.706, 1.833, 0.408, -1.753, and -0.485. Those variables are all significantly under level 0.05. If related to variable mapping can be concluded that enterprise has doubt and fear of constraint and performance of disabilities workforce, which is not aided with inadequate facilities from government and poor job design to accommodate their necessities. Meanwhile, another variable such as the cost for welfare, performance, and effect to other peers rated as insignificance. From law point of view, enterprises that terminated disabilities workforce do not have a significant effect on the whole mapping of disabilities workforce in our mini research. Enterprises knowledge of disabilities necessities is rated less significant toward the complete mapping of disabilities workforce in our mini research.

Conclusion and Suggestion
In Indonesia, employment of disabilities workforce in enterprises is still low. This research discovers that main factor that caused it is job design of enterprises and education level. Most enterprises do not have specially design job system for disabilities workforce that causes disabilities workforce employment still low. Not only from job design perspective, but educational level also affect. Many assume that disabilities that graduate from particular school not equal to students from the regular school, so many people with disabilities that wanted to continue to college/university has problem and difficulty to search for a work opportunity although not specified for university graduate students.
Enterprises need to prepare a work system design to employ disabilities workforce. The system can be developed by consulting with DPO (Disability People Organization) to create one compatible system for disabilities workforce. Disabilities workforce also needs to be treated equally as regulated under Undang-Undang Nomor 4 the year 1997 about disabilities. Educational system also needs to be modified to prepare disabilities for working and adjusted with their abilities. Current education in extraordinary school cannot fulfil disabilities readiness to work, so will be the required development of curriculum design that prepares disabilities to be ready for work.
The effect of both factors can be concluded in this research, where enterprises have fear and doubts towards constraint in person with disabilities and performance that not meet their requirement, also inadequate facility from government and job design to accommodate a person with disabilities necessities. Amendment needs to be started from the educational level for disabilities so enterprises may be ensured that they have the readiness to work and could perform as expected. The government also needs to provide adequate support for disabilities to sustain their welfare. The enterprises that have been ensured of all of those supports would dare to develop a working system specified for a person with disabilities, so employment of a person with disabilities in Indonesia will increase.

Acknowledgement
The author is very grateful to BINUS Business School who has guided us in developing this journal and also towards IJBE for the cooperation.